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Index: C

c function (for changing directories): 31.10. cd by Directory Initials
C language
C mode for programming in Emacs: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
csh shell: 1.6. There Are Many Shells
1.6. There Are Many Shells
interoperability of programs on different Unix systems: 1.3. The Core of Unix
lexical analyzer for syntax checking: 16.8. Looking for Closure
program file extensions: 1.12. Filename Extensions
1.12. Filename Extensions
tcsh shell: 1.6. There Are Many Shells
1.6. There Are Many Shells
C shell (csh): 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
27.1. What the Shell Does
27.3.3. Types of Shells
27.6. Controlling Shell Command Searches
(see also shell scripts; shells; tcsh shell)
{ } (pattern-expansion characters), building strings with: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
{ and } and ; (with find command): 9.9. Running Commands on What You Find
!^ and !$, specifying first and last arguments on previous line: 32.5. Regular Expressions: The Anchor Characters ^ and $
aliases: 29.2. Introduction to Shell Aliases
if-then-else in: 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias
with command-line arguments: 29.3. C-Shell Aliases with Command-Line Arguments
arrays: 9.23.1. Using the Stored Lists
expanding ranges: 9.23.2. Expanding Ranges
avoiding alias loops: 29.8. Avoiding C-Shell Alias Loops
background processing: 23.2.2. Using Job Control from Your Shell
built-in string operators: 4.6. Faster Prompt Setting with Built-ins
choosing among built-in commands, external commands, or shell functions: 27.10. Which One Will the C Shell Use?
command history (see history of commands)
configuration files: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
aliases: 3.5. What Goes in Shell Setup Files?
csh command name: 5.6.5. Aborting Programs
.cshrc file: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
current directory, updating in status line: 4.8. Session Info in Window Title or Status Line
defining variables: 35.9. Shell Variables
editing history and variable substitutions: 28.5. String Editing (Colon) Operators
environment variables, unsetting: 35.3. What Environment Variables Are Good For
eval command: 5.3. Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In
exit status of previous command: 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes
forcing to use internal exit command: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
foreach loop: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
globbing (wildcard expansion): 33.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
:gt operator: 4.14. dirs in Your Prompt: Better Than $cwd
history (see history of commands)
history characters: 30.15. Changing History Characters with histchars
history file: 30.12.2. C Shells
ignoreeof shell variable: 4.19. Stop Accidental Bourne-Shell Logouts
limiting file size: 15.5.1. limit and ulimit
.login file
TERM variable, testing: 3.11. Terminal Setup: Testing TERM
.logout file: 4.17. Running Commands When You Log Out
multiline commands: 28.12. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts
passing command history to: 30.13. Pass History to Another Shell
port, testing: 3.13. Terminal Setup: Testing Port
prompt
% in: 1.7. Which Shell Am I Running?
problems caused by: 4.5. C-Shell Prompt Causes Problems in vi, rsh, etc.
setting: 4.2. Static Prompts
quotation marks around filenames: 10.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
quoting in: 27.13. Differences Between Bourne and C Shell Quoting
here documents: 27.16. Here Documents
rules for: 27.13.2. How Quoting Works
showing with verbose and echo settings: 27.15. Verbose and Echo Settings Show Quoting
special characters: 27.13.1. Special Characters
special characters in filenames: 27.14. Quoting Special Characters in Filenames
redirecting standard I/O: 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
43.5. Redirection in C Shell: Capture Errors, Too?
noclobber variable: 43.6. Safe I/O Redirection with noclobber
rehash command: 7.4. A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts
27.6. Controlling Shell Command Searches
repeating commands with repeat command: 28.8. Repeating Commands
script file extension: 1.12. Filename Extensions
search path for commands, changing: 27.6. Controlling Shell Command Searches
sed newlines quoting and backslashes in shell script: 34.24. sed Newlines, Quoting, and Backslashes in a Shell Script
set echo verbose command: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
special characters/operators in: 27.17. "Special" Characters and Operators
su -f stucklogin command: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
cable modems
DHCP and: 46.10. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
firewalls: 46.12. Firewalls
gateways: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
cache, DNS: 46.9. Domain Name Service (DNS)
cancel command (System V): 45.2.2. lp-Style Printing Commands
canonical hostname: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
capitalization (see case)
CAPS LOCK key: 6.1. Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap
18.10. Typing in Uppercase Without CAPS LOCK
capturing in patterns: 41.7. Perl Boot Camp, Part 4: Pattern Matching
carriage returns
Macintosh, ASCII character for: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
translating to newlines: 21.11. Hacking on Characters with tr
case
case-insensitive searches, faking: 13.12. Faking Case-Insensitive Searches
case-insensitive sorts: 22.6.3. Case-Insensitive Sorts
case sensitivity: 1.11. Filenames
converting to/from uppercase or lowercase: 21.11. Hacking on Characters with tr
(see also tr command)
awk utility: 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
dd utility: 21.13. Text Conversion with dd
filtering vi text through tr command: 17.18. Filtering Text Through a Unix Command
sed transform command: 34.15. Transforming Part of a Line
ispell program and: 16.2. Check Spelling Interactively with ispell
:l operator: 28.5. String Editing (Colon) Operators
lc operator: 41.5.1. Scalars
sort command, sort order: 22.5. Alphabetic and Numeric Sorting
:u operator: 28.5. String Editing (Colon) Operators
uc operator: 41.5.1. Scalars
uppercase letters in vi character and line commands: 17.26. vi Line Commands Versus Character Commands
uppercase without CAPS LOCK in vi: 18.10. Typing in Uppercase Without CAPS LOCK
vi and ex editors, capitalizing words: 17.16. Capitalizing Every Word on a Line
case statements: 3.10. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
3.10. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
adding to .profile to test TERM variable: 3.11. Terminal Setup: Testing TERM
debugging: 37.1.4. Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.
port, testing: 3.13. Terminal Setup: Testing Port
testing exit status for commands: 35.13. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
testing pathnames for calling a script: 36.8. Save Disk Space and Programming: Multiple Names for a Program
testing tty name: 4.6. Faster Prompt Setting with Built-ins
testing two strings using: 36.25. Testing Two Strings with One case Statement
in while loop, handling arguments with: 35.22. Handling Arguments with while and shift
wildcard pattern matching: 35.11. Pattern Matching in case Statements
in xmessage command line: 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window
cat command: 1.4. Communication with Unix
12.2. What Good Is a cat?
-e option, marking ends of lines with $: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
-n option: 12.13. Numbering Lines
-s option, squashing extra blank lines: 12.7. Squash Extra Blank Lines
-t and -e options, displaying whitespace: 12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c
-v -e options: 32.5. Regular Expressions: The Anchor Characters ^ and $
-v -t and -e options, displaying whitespace: 12.5. What's in That Whitespace?
-v option: 8.6.1. Trying It
12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c
creating mail header with: 21.12.2. MIME Encoding
exit status, testing: 35.14. Testing Your Success
file, adding to end of another file: 27.4. Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files
for loops combined with: 36.11. Standard Input to a for Loop
redirecting I/O: 43.2. One Argument with a cat Isn't Enough
starting pipelines: 43.2. One Argument with a cat Isn't Enough
CBLKWID (comment block width) environment variable: 21.4.1. The recomment Script
cd command: 1.9. Internal and External Commands
4.8. Session Info in Window Title or Status Line
31.3. What Good Is a Current Directory?
aliases for: 31.9. Quick cds with Aliases
cdpath variable and: 31.5. Saving Time When You Change Directories: cdpath
+n and -n options (zsh): 31.7. The Shells' pushd and popd Commands
PWD environment variable and: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
CD-ROMs: 44.1. Quick Introduction to Hardware
cdrom protocol: 40.6.1. Configuring the sources.list File
loopback mounts: 44.7. Loopback Mounts
mounting: 44.5. Filesystem Types and /etc/fstab
44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems
cdable_vars shell variable: 31.12. Marking Your Place with a Shell Variable
CDPATH environment variable: 31.5. Saving Time When You Change Directories: cdpath
cdpath shell variable: 31.5. Saving Time When You Change Directories: cdpath
centering lines, script for: 21.8. Centering Lines in a File
CERT
intruder detection checklist: 48.7. Intruder Detection
safely setting up anonymous FTP, guide for: 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server
security checklists: 48.2. CERT Security Checklists
security vulnerabilities, information about: 48.3. Keeping Up with Security Alerts
CGI scripts, Python module for: 42.4. Python and the Web
42.8. cgi
cgrep script: 13.9. A Multiline Context grep Using sed
34.18. Searching for Patterns Split Across Lines
chain of processes to a window: 24.20. The Process Chain to Your Window
change command (ex): 20.4. Useful ex Commands
change times for files: 8.2. The Three Unix File Times
inode information: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
find -ctime, accessing with: 9.5. Searching for Old Files
character classes
for ASCII characters: 5.14. Defining What Makes Up a Word for Selection Purposes
defining in Perl regular expressions: 41.7. Perl Boot Camp, Part 4: Pattern Matching
character commands in vi: 17.26. vi Line Commands Versus Character Commands
character sets (in regular expressions): 32.4. Using Metacharacters in Regular Expressions
exceptions to, indicating with [^ ]: 32.9. Regular Expressions: Exceptions in a Character Set
matching a character with: 32.6. Regular Expressions: Matching a Character with a Character Set
repeating with *: 32.10. Regular Expressions: Repeating Character Sets with *
character strings (see strings)
characters
converting with tr command: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
counting with tail -c command: 12.9. Finer Control on tail
counting with wc command: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
deleting from a file with dd: 21.6. Low-Level File Butchery with dd
deleting in Emacs: 19.1. Emacs: The Other Editor
nonprintable
displaying with od c command: 12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c
nonprinting: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames
(see also special characters)
showing with cat -v or od -c: 12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c
ranges of, specifying for regular expressions: 32.8. Regular Expressions: Specifying a Range of Characters with [...]
special (see special characters)
translating with tr command: 21.11. Hacking on Characters with tr
charClass resource (xterm): 5.14. Defining What Makes Up a Word for Selection Purposes
checkout command (co) in RCS: 39.5. RCS Basics
checkout, CVS repository: 39.7. CVS Basics
checksed script: 34.4.1. checksed
chess script: 28.18.2. Automating /bin/passwd
chgrp command: 1.17. File Access Permissions
child processes: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
changes to environment of: 24.4. Subshells
environment variables, inheritance of: 35.3. What Environment Variables Are Good For
exit status returned to parent: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
file descriptors given to: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
killing parent of: 24.12. Destroying Processes with kill
relationship to parent: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
signals and: 24.11. Killing Foreground Jobs
child signal: 24.10. What Are Signals?
CHLD (child) signal: 24.10. What Are Signals?
chmod command: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
= operator: 50.6. The Handy chmod = Operator
-R option: 50.6. The Handy chmod = Operator
changing permissions for directory tree: 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
adding and subtracting permissions: 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
go-w bin, write access to bin directory: 7.4. A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts
go+rx bin to give other users access to bin directory: 7.4. A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts
numeric mode: 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
permissions, changing: 50.2.1. User, Group, and World
symbolic modes: 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
chmod function (Perl): 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
chopping columns out of a file: 2.4. Searching Online Manual Pages
chown command: 50.15. How to Change File Ownership Without chown
chown function (Perl): 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
Christiansen, Tom: 43.2. One Argument with a cat Isn't Enough
chroot, anonymous FTP connections: 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server
ci (checkin) command (RCS): 39.5. RCS Basics
Citrix: 47.9. Citrix: Making Windows Multiuser
Metaframe: 47.9. Citrix: Making Windows Multiuser
47.9.1. Citrix Metaframe
class methods (Python): 42.3.3. Everything's an Object
class of objects, application resources associated with: 6.3. X Resource Syntax
class variables (Python): 42.3.3. Everything's an Object
classes (Python): 42.3.3. Everything's an Object
clean alias, removing stale files with: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
cleanup script: 14.19. Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files
clear command: 4.17. Running Commands When You Log Out
clear text SMB passwords: 47.3. Securing Samba
CLICOLOR environment variable: 8.6.4. Another color ls
clients
ICA: 47.9.1. Citrix Metaframe
Python as web client: 42.4. Python and the Web
RDP, for Unix (rdesktop): 47.9.2. rdesktop
RDP, HOBLink JWT: 47.9.3. Hob
remote, starting for X window systems: 6.10. Starting Remote X Clients
from interactive logins: 6.10.1. Starting Remote X Clients from Interactive Logins
with rsh and ssh: 6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
SSH, problems with: 51.7. Server and Client Problems
Unix VNC, connecting to Windows server: 47.7.1. Connecting to a Windows VNC server
VNC (Virtual Network Computing): 47.7. Sharing Desktops with VNC
CLIPBOARD selection (xterm): 5.19. Working with xclipboard
clock in Unix: 37.6. How Unix Keeps Time
close( ) method (for Perl objects): 41.4. Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy
close command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
closing windows
by exiting the shell: 24.20. The Process Chain to Your Window
by killing window processes: 24.22. Close a Window by Killing Its Process(es)
cmd field in crontab entries: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
cmp operator (Perl): 41.5.1. Scalars
cmp program: 11.7. cmp and diff
co (checkout) command (RCS): 39.5. RCS Basics
-j option, merging file versions with: 39.5. RCS Basics
-p option, sending file to standard output: 39.5. RCS Basics
Collinson, Peter: 35.19. Shell Script "Wrappers" for awk, sed, etc.
color
displaying names of with ls command: 8.6. Color ls
in shell prompts: 4.10. Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts
LS_COLORS environment variable: 8.6.2. Configuring It
35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
columns
chopping out of a file: 2.4. Searching Online Manual Pages
column utility, creating with: 21.16. Make Columns Automatically with column
rebalancing into table with variable-width columns: 21.16. Make Columns Automatically with column
cutting: 21.14. Cutting Columns or Fields
ls -C command, listing output in: 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
8.10. Useful ls Aliases
pasting data into: 21.18. Pasting Things in Columns
searching files for character in: 13.13. Finding a Character in a Column
straightening: 21.17. Straightening Jagged Columns
text in, with pr command: 21.15. Making Text in Columns with pr
COLUMNS environment variable: 3.16. Terminal Setup: Testing Window Size
comma (,) in filenames: 1.11. Filenames
comma, Òfat commaÓ operator (=>): 41.5.3. Hashes
command characters (see special characters)
command command, disabling shell function lookup: 27.9. Which One Will bash Use?
command directories: 35.3. What Environment Variables Are Good For
command editing mode: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
command interpreters (see shells)
command line: 28.1. What's Special About the Unix Command Line
aliases for arguments: 29.3. C-Shell Aliases with Command-Line Arguments
as shell scripts: 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
awk: 20.10.1. Command-Line Syntax
building strings with { }: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
completion features: 28.6. Automatic Completion
command-specific completion: 28.6.3. Command-Specific Completion
editor functions for: 28.6.4. Editor Functions for Completion
Emacs: 19.6. Command Completion
Emacscommand completion (see command line)
filename completion: 28.6.1. General Example: Filename Completion
filename completion, ignoring file suffixes: 28.7. Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion
menu completion: 28.6.2. Menu Completion
editing on: 4.10. Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts
30.1. The Lessons of History
30.14. Shell Command-Line Editing
bash shell: 30.14.5. bash Editing
Emacs editing mode: 30.14.2. Emacs Editing Mode
ksh (Korn shell): 1.6. There Are Many Shells
30.14.4. ksh Editing
tcsh shell: 30.14.3. tcsh Editing
vi editing mode: 30.14.1. vi Editing Mode
zsh shell: 30.14.6. zsh Editing
executing commands with long list of files as arguments: 28.15. Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files
finding last argument on: 36.9. Finding the Last Command-Line Argument
interactive applications, controlling with Expect program: 28.18. Expect
interpretation by shell: 1.4. Communication with Unix
multiline commands and secondary prompts: 28.12. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts
parameters, unsetting: 36.10. How to Unset All Command-Line Parameters
parsing: 27.7. Wildcards Inside Aliases
repeating commands: 28.8. Repeating Commands
at set intervals: 28.11. Repeating a Time-Varying Command
copy and paste, using: 28.10. Repeating a Command with Copy-and-Paste
with variations: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
reprinting wilth CTRL-r: 28.2. Reprinting Your Command Line with CTRL-r
saving to file: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
sed editor: 34.3. Invoking sed
separating commands with semicolon (:): 28.16. Separating Commands with Semicolons
shortcuts: 28.1. What's Special About the Unix Command Line
string-editing (:) operators: 28.5. String Editing (Colon) Operators
submitting for execution at a later time: 25.5. The at Command
too many arguments, dealing with: 28.17. Dealing with Too Many Arguments
command-line arguments
@ARGV array passed to Perl scripts: 41.4. Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy
finding last: 36.9. Finding the Last Command-Line Argument
handling in Bourne shell scripts: 35.20. Handling Command-Line Arguments in Shell Scripts
for loops, using: 35.20.2. With a Loop
parsing: 35.25.4. Watch Your Quoting
parsing standard: 35.24. Standard Command-Line Parsing
of a process: 24.9.4. Statistics of Processes by PID
quoting: 35.25.4. Watch Your Quoting
37.5. Quoting and Command-Line Parameters
setting and parsing: 35.25.2. Setting (and Parsing) Parameters
starting with - (dash): 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
35.25.2. Setting (and Parsing) Parameters
storing single-line string in: 36.23.3. Using set and IFS
tar, correct order for: 38.12. Getting tar's Arguments in the Right Order
testing with case statement: 36.25. Testing Two Strings with One case Statement
command-line parameters (see command-line arguments)
command search path (see search path)
command substitution: 27.12. Bourne Shell Quoting
28.1. What's Special About the Unix Command Line
28.14. Command Substitution
Bourne shell quoting and: 27.12.2. How Quoting Works
examples of: 28.14. Command Substitution
excluding files from rm command: 14.18. Removing Every File but One
find command output, using with: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
in for loops: 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
grep command, using in vi editor: 28.14. Command Substitution
nested: 36.24. Nested Command Substitution
commands
ampersand (&) character at the end of, putting into background with: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
awk utility, categories of: 20.10.2.2. Procedures
binding to keys: 30.14.3. tcsh Editing
built-in: 1.4. Communication with Unix
24.2. fork and exec
faster prompt setting with: 4.6. Faster Prompt Setting with Built-ins
combining with grouping ( ) operator: 43.7. The ( ) Subshell Operators
custom, creating: 29.1. Creating Custom Commands
Bourne-type aliases: 29.4. Setting and Unsetting Bourne-Type Aliases
if-then-else, putting in C shell alias: 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias
Korn shell aliases: 29.5. Korn-Shell Aliases
shell functions: 29.11. Shell Function Basics
sourceable scripts: 29.7. Sourceable Scripts
zsh aliases: 29.6. zsh Aliases
default, specifying shell with #!: 27.3.6. Default Commands
displaying running commands: 26.3. What Commands Are Running and How Long Do They Take?
ex editor: 20.4. Useful ex Commands
exit status of: 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes
external, shell execution of: 27.2. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
filtering text through with vi editor: 17.18. Filtering Text Through a Unix Command
fmt command, neatening lines with: 17.28. Neatening Lines
finding where located: 2.3. whereis: Finding Where a Command Is Located
functions, working with: 29.11.5. Conclusion
history of: 30.1. The Lessons of History
in .exrc file for vi editor: 17.30. Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
interactive: 1.4. Communication with Unix
internal and external: 1.9. Internal and External Commands
interpretation by shells: 27.1. What the Shell Does
27.1. What the Shell Does
arguments passed to a script, showing: 27.5. Output Command-Line Arguments One by One
Bourne shell quoting: 27.12. Bourne Shell Quoting
C shell quoting: 27.13. Differences Between Bourne and C Shell Quoting
choosing built-in, external or shell functions in bash: 27.9. Which One Will bash Use?
choosing built-in, external, or shell functions in C shell: 27.10. Which One Will the C Shell Use?
evaluation of command line: 27.8. eval: When You Need Another Chance
executing external commands: 27.2. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
interactive use vs. shell scripts: 27.3.2. Interactive Use Versus Shell Scripts
overwriting files accidentally: 27.4. Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files
quoting with here documents: 27.16. Here Documents
redirections: 27.11. Is It "2>&1 file" or "> file 2>&1"? Why?
running other programs: 27.3.1. How Shells Run Other Programs
search path for commands: 27.6. Controlling Shell Command Searches
wildcards in aliases: 27.7. Wildcards Inside Aliases
joining with pipes: 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
in .logout file: 4.17. Running Commands When You Log Out
logout file, creating for Bourne and Korn shells: 4.18. Running Commands at Bourne/Korn Shell Logout
multiple control commands, while loops with: 36.14. A while Loop with Several Loop Control Commands
naming: 35.27. Picking a Name for a New Command
null: 35.13. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
PATH environment variable: 35.6. The PATH Environment Variable
periodic: 4.16. Preprompt, Pre-execution, and Periodic Commands
preprompt: 4.16. Preprompt, Pre-execution, and Periodic Commands
4.16. Preprompt, Pre-execution, and Periodic Commands
printed in parentheses by ps: 24.8. Why ps Prints Some Commands in Parentheses
printing
without executing (:p operator): 28.5. String Editing (Colon) Operators
System V: 45.2.2. lp-Style Printing Commands
putting names of into shell prompts: 4.9. A "Menu Prompt" for Naive Users
redefining with aliases, problems with: 29.8. Avoiding C-Shell Alias Loops
redirection (see redirecting input and output)
remote-login utilities: 23.13. Stopping Remote Login Sessions
repeating (see repeating commands)
running at login: 3.5. What Goes in Shell Setup Files?
running one while using another with shell escapes: 17.21. Shell Escapes: Running One UnixCommand While Using Another
search path: 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
rehash command, updating with: 7.4. A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts
search table (C shells), resetting: 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
sed editor: 34.17. The Deliberate Scrivener
operations of: 34.17. The Deliberate Scrivener
sed, order of: 34.6. Order of Commands in a Script
sequences of, executing automatically with Emacs: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
standard input, reading: 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
storing for startup of vi: 17.30. Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
Tcl: 28.18. Expect
typing at the shell prompt: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
versions: 35.2. Everyone Should Learn Some Shell Programming
versions of: 2.6. Which Version Am I Using?
vi editor
custom, creating: 18.2. Save Time and Typing with the vi map Commands
line vs. character: 17.26. vi Line Commands Versus Character Commands
commands ending with: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell
23.2.2. Using Job Control from Your Shell
24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
commenting
: and #, beginning with: 36.2. The Story of : # #!
#, shell understanding of: 36.3. Don't Need a Shell for Your Script? Don't Use One
Bourne shell, using : in place of #: 36.6. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
for ease of use: 35.19. Shell Script "Wrappers" for awk, sed, etc.
in zsh: 30.15. Changing History Characters with histchars
RCS files: 39.5. RCS Basics
shell scripts: 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
smb.conf files: 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba
in X resource files: 6.3. X Resource Syntax
comments
in crontab entries: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
in Emacs editor: 19.7. Mike's Favorite Timesavers
in .exrc file for vi editor: 17.30. Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
lines in program comment block, cleaning up: 21.4. Clean Up Program Comment Blocks
committing modifications to CVS files: 39.7. CVS Basics
Common Unix Printing System (CUPS): 45.18. The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)
communicating with Unix: 1.4. Communication with Unix
communications utilities: 1.21. Unix Networking and Communications
compare, two most recent revisions of several RCS files: 39.6. List RCS Revision Numbers with rcsrevs
comparing
file-times, exact comparisons: 9.8. Exact File-Time Comparisons
files: 10.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
cmp program, using: 11.7. cmp and diff
diff commands, using: 11.1. Checking Differences with diff
make program, using: 11.10. make Isn't Just for Programmers!
lines for uniqueness (uniq command): 21.20. What Is (or Isn't) Unique?
numbers: 37.3. Stop Syntax Errors in Numeric Tests
strings for pattern matching: 32.3. Understanding Expressions
word counts in two files: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
complete command: 28.6.3. Command-Specific Completion
completion features of shells: 28.6. Automatic Completion
editor functions for: 28.6.4. Editor Functions for Completion
filename completion: 28.6.1. General Example: Filename Completion
ignoring file suffixes: 28.7. Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion
menu completion: 28.6.2. Menu Completion
Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN): 22.8. Sorting a List of People by Last Name
41.3. Compiling Perl from Scratch
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN): 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On
compress command: 15.6. Compressing Files to Save Space
compressed files
encoding into 7-bit representation: 21.12.1. uuencoding
filename extensions: 1.12. Filename Extensions
manpage, finding with grep -Z: 2.4. Searching Online Manual Pages
tar archive: 38.2. tar in a Nutshell
tar utility, gzip and bzip2 utilities: 38.4. More Ways to Back Up
compressing a directory tree: 15.7. Save Space: tar and compress a Directory Tree
fine-tuning: 15.9. Compressing a Directory Tree: Fine-Tuning
compressing files: 15.6. Compressing Files to Save Space
compression
bzip2 utility: 15.6. Compressing Files to Save Space
GNU tar archives: 39.3. GNU tar Sampler
gzip, unpacking tar archives: 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
tar archives, advantages and disadvantages: 38.5.4. To gzip, or Not to gzip?
Computer Emergency Response Team (see CERT)
concatenate (see cat command)
concatenating strings with . operator: 41.5.1. Scalars
concatenation in regular expressions: 32.3. Understanding Expressions
Concurrent Version System (see CVS)
conditional expressions (see expressions, conditional)
configuration files
bash shell: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
C shells, reading at different times: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
configure.in file (Makefile.in): 40.4. Simplifying the make Process
daemons, rereading of: 24.13. Printer Queue Watcher: A Restartable Daemon Shell Script
etc/inetd.conf file: 51.1. Enabling Remote Access on Mac OS X
.exrc for vi editor: 17.30. Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
ifconfig, for network devices: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
kernel, device lines from: 44.3. Basic Kernel Configuration
Korn shell: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
login shells, contents of: 3.5. What Goes in Shell Setup Files?
man (/etc/man.config): 2.1. The man Command
named.conf: 46.9. Domain Name Service (DNS)
pathnames in: 3.7. Use Absolute Pathnames in Shell Setup Files
shells: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
automatic terminal setups: 3.10. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
C shell: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
.cshrc.$HOST file for per host setup: 3.18. A .cshrc.$HOST File for Per Host Setup
system-wide setup: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
smb.conf: 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba
sources.list: 40.6.1. Configuring the sources.list File
system: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
tcsh shell: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
for vi editor (.exrc): 17.5. Local Settings for vi
zsh shells: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
configuration information, manipulation in DoS attacks: 48.5. What We Mean by DoS
configure command: 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba
configuring
anonymous FTP server: 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server
color ls: 8.6.2. Configuring It
devices, user-space tools for: 44.1. Quick Introduction to Hardware
filesystem mounts: 44.5. Filesystem Types and /etc/fstab
installed software packages: 40.5.6. Configuring Packages
kernel: 44.3. Basic Kernel Configuration
Message Transfer Agents (MTAs): 46.8. Mail — SMTP, POP, and IMAP
modems: 44.10. Win Is a Modem Not a Modem?
network devices with ifconfig: 44.8. Network Devices — ifconfig
USB: 44.12. USB Configuration
workstations with DHCP: 46.10. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
configuring terminals: 5.1. There's a Lot to Know About Terminals
finding terminal settings with stty command: 5.7. Find Out Terminal Settings with stty
hung terminals, fixing: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
querying terminal type with qterm: 5.4. Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm
size of xterm windows: 5.5. Querying Your xterm Size: resize
terminal type, setting: 5.3. Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In
xterm: 5.9. Working with xterm and Friends
copy and paste between windows: 5.21. Tips for Copy and Paste Between Windows
fonts changing dynamically: 5.18. Changing Fonts Dynamically
menus: 5.17. The xterm Menus
xclipboard: 5.19. Working with xclipboard
xterms, fonts selecting: 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font
confirming
file deletions with rm -i: 14.6. Remove Some, Leave Some
substitutions in vi: 17.9. Confirming Substitutions in vi
connectivity: 46.1. TCP/IP — IP Addresses and Ports
configuring anonymous FTP server: 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): 46.10. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
diagnosing network problems with ping and traceroute: 46.4. Where, Oh Where Did That Packet Go?
DNS (Domain Name Service): 46.9. Domain Name Service (DNS)
/etc/services (database of well-known ports): 46.2. /etc/services Is Your Friend
firewalls: 46.12. Firewalls
gatewaying form personl LAN over a modem: 46.13. Gatewaying from a Personal LAN over a Modem
gateways and NAT: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
inetd file, managing Internet services: 46.5. The Director of Operations: inetd
mail: 46.8. Mail — SMTP, POP, and IMAP
SSH (Secure Shell): 46.6. Secure Shell (SSH)
status and troubleshooting: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
TCP/IP addresses and ports: 46.1. TCP/IP — IP Addresses and Ports
consoles, serial: 44.14. Decapitating Your Machine — Serial Consoles
constant-width fonts: 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font
5.18.1. VT Fonts Menu
in xterm: 5.18.1. VT Fonts Menu
constants, scalars defined as in Perl scripts: 41.5.1. Scalars
CONT (continue) signal: 24.10. What Are Signals?
context diffs: 11.3. Context diffs
continue command: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue
35.23. Loop Control: break and continue
continue command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
control characters: 1.5. Programs Are Designed to Work Together
12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c
Emacs and: 19.10. Inserting Binary Characters into Files
ex and vi editors and: 18.6. Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex
od -c command, displying with: 12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c
quoting in Emacs: 19.10. Inserting Binary Characters into Files
storing in shell variables: 37.8. Cleaning script Files
X event translations: 6.4. X Event Translations
controlling process: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
controlling terminal: 24.6. The Controlling Terminal
controlling tty, write command and: 24.13. Printer Queue Watcher: A Restartable Daemon Shell Script
Conway, Damian: 21.3. Alternatives to fmt
Cooper, Michael: 5.4. Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm
copy and paste
configuring xterms for: 5.13. Simple Copy and Paste in xterm
repeating command with: 28.10. Repeating a Command with Copy-and-Paste
in tty-type virtual consoles: 23.12.2. Scrolling, Using a Mouse
into windows running vi: 18.5. Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi
copy command (ex): 20.4. Useful ex Commands
copying
archives, without asking for password: 38.9. On-Demand Incremental Backups of a Project
directory trees with tar and pipes: 10.13. Copying Directory Trees with tar and Pipes
everything you do into a file with script: 37.7. Copy What You Do with script
files: 10.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files
10.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
between filesystems: 10.2. What's Really in a Directory?
ownership of copy: 50.3. Who Will Own a New File?
scp utility: 46.6. Secure Shell (SSH)
files to different directories: 36.18. Shell Scripts On-the-Fly from Standard Input
links: 10.12. Copying Directory Trees with cp -r
remote files, shortcut for: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
text with vi editor: 17.6. Using Buffers to Move or Copy Text
copying text
between xterm windows: 5.21. Tips for Copy and Paste Between Windows
button combinations for selecting in xterms: 5.13. Simple Copy and Paste in xterm
xclipboard, using in xterms: 5.19. Working with xclipboard
core dumps
eliminating entirely: 15.5.1. limit and ulimit
files, wildcard matching and: 33.4. What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?
limiting file size: 15.5.1. limit and ulimit
QUIT signal, creating with: 24.11. Killing Foreground Jobs
core flavors of Unix: 1.3. The Core of Unix
corrupt files: 38.5.4. To gzip, or Not to gzip?
cos command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
count command: 37.9. Making an Arbitrary-Size File for Testing
counting, characters, lines, and words in files: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
counting occurrences with vi editor: 17.15. Counting Occurrences; Stopping Search Wraps
count.it script: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
cp command: 1.21. Unix Networking and Communications
1.21. Unix Networking and Communications
-p option: 50.15. How to Change File Ownership Without chown
exit status: 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes
i option: 10.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
cpio command: 38.13. The cpio Tape Archiver
cpio operator (find command): 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
cpio utility: 38.5.4. To gzip, or Not to gzip?
cps shell function: 29.14. Simulated Bourne Shell Functions and Aliases
CPU
listing usage by processes: 24.5. The ps Command
/proc/cpuinfo file: 24.9.5. A Glimpse at Hardware
CPU-bound process: 26.1. Timing Is Everything
lowering scheduling priority with nice: 26.5. Know When to Be "nice" to Other Users...and When Not To
CPU time: 26.2. Timing Programs
create function (tar): 39.2. Using tar to Create and Unpack Archives
cron command: 12.11. GNU tail File Following
25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
cron daemon: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
cron system: 25.1. Building Software Robots the Easy Way
25.2. Periodic Program Execution: The cron Facility
crontab entries, adding: 25.3. Adding crontab Entries
execution scheduling: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
Expect scripts, using: 28.18.4. Other Problems
jobs, running on system environment: 25.2. Periodic Program Execution: The cron Facility
limiting file size: 15.5.2. Other Ideas
standard input, including in cron entry: 25.4. Including Standard Input Within a cron Entry
trash directory, cleaning out: 14.9. Safe Delete: Pros and Cons
crontab command: 25.3. Adding crontab Entries
crontab entries: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
adding: 25.3. Adding crontab Entries
editing: 25.3. Adding crontab Entries
example: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
removing: 25.3. Adding crontab Entries
time fields: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
crontab files: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
find commands, adding to: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
personal: 25.8. Avoiding Other at and cron Jobs
crontab system
Ðe option, finding your files with wrong permissions: 50.2.1. User, Group, and World
crontab.local file: 25.3. Adding crontab Entries
cryptdir script: 28.18.2. Automating /bin/passwd
cryptography, keys, problems with on SSH: 51.6. Key and Agent Problems
csh (C shell)
at command output, quieting: 25.6. Making Your at Jobs Quiet
hangups, background processes and: 23.10. nohup
job control commands: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell
limiting file size: 15.5.1. limit and ulimit
nice command
BSD Unix: 26.5.1. BSD C Shell nice
System V: 26.5.3. System V C Shell nice
PWD environment variable, Emacs and: 19.9. Unset PWD Before Using Emacs
quoting in scripts: 37.5. Quoting and Command-Line Parameters
shell variables, listing: 35.9. Shell Variables
stop command: 23.7. System Overloaded? Try Stopping Some Jobs
stty -tostop command, background jobs writing to terminal: 23.9. Stop Background Output with stty tostop
unlimit coredumpsize command: 15.5.1. limit and ulimit
wildcards, failing to match: 33.4. What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?
.csh filename extension: 1.12. Filename Extensions
csh shell: 1.6. There Are Many Shells
csh time variable: 26.2. Timing Programs
.cshdirs file for tcsh shells: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
.cshrc file: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
cd aliases in: 31.9. Quick cds with Aliases
color, setting in: 8.6. Color ls
if (! $?prompt) exit test: 3.9. Gotchas in set prompt Test
multiline prompt showing directory stack: 4.14. dirs in Your Prompt: Better Than $cwd
prompt setting: 4.7. Multiline Shell Prompts
set echo verbose command: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
tcsh shells, use of: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
.cshrc.$HOST file: 3.18. A .cshrc.$HOST File for Per Host Setup
CSHRC_READ environment variable: 3.9. Gotchas in set prompt Test
($?CSHRC_READ) prompt test: 3.9. Gotchas in set prompt Test
csplit program: 21.10. Splitting Files by Context: csplit
-f option: 21.10. Splitting Files by Context: csplit
Ðs option: 21.10. Splitting Files by Context: csplit
CTAN (Comprehensive TEX Archive Network): 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On
ctime (change time for files): 8.2. The Three Unix File Times
ctime command, time conversion routines: 37.6. How Unix Keeps Time
-ctime operator (find command): 9.7. The Times That find Finds
CTRL - (to quit): 5.6.5. Aborting Programs
CTRL-c command
aborting programs: 5.6.5. Aborting Programs
canceling commands with: 30.14. Shell Command-Line Editing
INT signal, sending: 24.11. Killing Foreground Jobs
killing foreground job: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell
CTRL-command, sending QUIT signal: 24.11. Killing Foreground Jobs
CTRL-d command
ending scripts: 37.7. Copy What You Do with script
exiting Bourne shell: 27.3.5. Bourne Shell Used Here
CTRL-d (end-of-input character): 24.4. Subshells
CTRL-g in Emacs, canceling entire operation: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
CTRL key, specifying with stty command: 5.8. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
Ctrl-M character: 1.19. When Is a File Not a File?
CTRL-q command, killing processes: 24.18. Cleaning Up an Unkillable Process
CTRL-q command, restarting stopped output: 5.6.1. Output Stopped?
CTRL-q (Emacs quoting command): 19.10. Inserting Binary Characters into Files
CTRL-r (reprint) character: 28.2. Reprinting Your Command Line with CTRL-r
CTRL-s command: 24.18. Cleaning Up an Unkillable Process
stopping output: 5.6.1. Output Stopped?
CTRL-v
escaping keys in vi mappings: 18.6. Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex
temporarily disabling vi keymaps: 18.10. Typing in Uppercase Without CAPS LOCK
CTRL-x in Emacs macros: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
CTRL-z command: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell
23.2.2. Using Job Control from Your Shell
23.4. Some Gotchas with Job Control
24.10. What Are Signals?
putting jobs in background: 5.6.3. Program Waiting for Input?
stopping a subshell: 24.4. Subshells
CUPS (Common Unix Printing System): 45.18. The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)
curl application: 40.8. The curl Application and One-Step GNU-Darwin Auto-Installer for OS X
40.8. The curl Application and One-Step GNU-Darwin Auto-Installer for OS X
current directory: 1.16. Making Pathnames
4.14. dirs in Your Prompt: Better Than $cwd
10.2. What's Really in a Directory?
24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
advantages of: 31.3. What Good Is a Current Directory?
alias for, storing in shell variable: 31.12. Marking Your Place with a Shell Variable
determining group file ownership: 50.2.2. Which Group is Which?
finding: 31.4. How Does Unix Find Your Current Directory?
in C-shell status line: 4.8. Session Info in Window Title or Status Line
links to: 10.4.2. Links to a Directory
PWD environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
quick finds in: 9.26. Quick finds in the Current Directory
in shell prompts: 4.4. Simulating Dynamic Prompts
dirs command output, using: 4.14. dirs in Your Prompt: Better Than $cwd
multiline C-shell prompt: 4.7. Multiline Shell Prompts
current job: 23.3. Using jobs Effectively
23.5. The "Current Job" Isn't Always What You Expect
current process, statistics on: 24.9.3. Statistics of the Current Process
cursor for xterm windows (see pointer)
cursors, moving in vi text-input mode without arrow keys: 18.11. Text-Input Mode Cursor Motion with No Arrow Keys
custom commands, creating: 29.1. Creating Custom Commands
Bourne-type aliases: 29.4. Setting and Unsetting Bourne-Type Aliases
if-then-else, putting in C shell alias: 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias
Korn shell aliases: 29.5. Korn-Shell Aliases
propagating shell functions: 29.13. Propagating Shell Functions
exporting bash functions: 29.13.1. Exporting bash Functions
FPATH search path: 29.13.2. FPATH Search Path
shell functions: 29.11. Shell Function Basics
functions calling functions: 29.11.4. Functions Calling Functions: Factorials
loops, using: 29.11.2. Functions with Loops: Internet Lookup
simulating in Bourne shell: 29.14. Simulated Bourne Shell Functions and Aliases
sourceable scripts: 29.7. Sourceable Scripts
zsh aliases: 29.6. zsh Aliases
customization
Emacs: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
19.7. Mike's Favorite Timesavers
and how to avoid: 19.3. Customizations and How to Avoid Them
searches: 19.8. Rational Searches
customizing, X Window System: 6.3. X Resource Syntax
cut command: 2.4. Searching Online Manual Pages
21.14. Cutting Columns or Fields
35.25.2. Setting (and Parsing) Parameters
36.23.2. Using echo with awk or cut
who command output, cutting: 28.14. Command Substitution
cutting and pasting text, between vi's: 17.24. Using vi Abbreviations as Commands (Cut and Paste Between vi's)
cvs
CVSROOT environment variable: 39.7. CVS Basics
39.8. More CVS
CVS_RSH environment variable: 39.8. More CVS
remote repositories: 39.8. More CVS
repositories: 39.8. More CVS
CVS (Concurrent Version Control) system: 20.6. Change Many Files by Editing Just One
CVS (Concurrent Version System): 39.7. CVS Basics
archiving files: 39.4. Managing and Sharing Files with RCS and CVS
cvs add command: 39.7. CVS Basics
cvs checkout command: 39.7. CVS Basics
cvs commit command: 39.7. CVS Basics
cvs diff: 39.7. CVS Basics
cvs import command: 39.7. CVS Basics
cvs init command: 39.7. CVS Basics
cvs log command: 39.7. CVS Basics
conflicting change, examining log message on: 39.8. More CVS
cvs remove command: 39.7. CVS Basics
cvs update command: 39.7. CVS Basics
cvsroot directory for archive storage: 39.7. CVS Basics
cvs diff command: 11.3. Context diffs
CVSROOT environment variable: 39.7. CVS Basics
39.8. More CVS
CVS_RSH environment variable: 39.8. More CVS
cwd shell variable: 4.14. dirs in Your Prompt: Better Than $cwd
cwdcmd alias for tcsh shell status line updates: 4.8. Session Info in Window Title or Status Line
cx script: 50.8. cx, cw, c-w: Quick File Permission Changes

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